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avgas 100LL Product
Standards and Specifications

To provide the best fuel quality and ensure the safety to participants and machinery, avgas 100LL must meet specific product standards and specifications before being distributed to end users. These standards ensure avgas 100LL remains fungible, or chemically identical and interchangeable with avgas 100LL produced anywhere in the world. The two most commonly used standards for avgas 100LL include the United Kingdom’s Ministry of Defense (MOD) DEF STAN 91-90 and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard ASTM-D910.  

ASTM-D910: Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines

First released in 1999, the ASTM-D910 serves to provide specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all gasoline satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation gasoline for civil use: Grade 80; Grade 91; Grade 100; and Grade 100LL1. The standard includes a lengthy testing and measurement standards for produced products with some key factors listed below: 

Key aspects of ASTM D910 include:

  • Octane Number: The fuel must have a minimum motor octane number of 99.6. 
  • Supercharge Rating: The supercharge rating must be at least 130. 
  • Lead Content: The fuel contains tetraethyl lead, with a minimum of 0.27 mL/L and a maximum of 0.53 mL/L. 
  • Distillation: The distillation characteristics of the fuel are specified to ensure proper performance. 
  • Vapor Pressure: The vapor pressure must be within a specified range to ensure safe handling and performance. 
  • Freezing Point: The fuel must have a maximum freezing point of -58°C to prevent fuel system icing. 
  • Sulfur Content: The sulfur content must be limited to 0.05% by weight to reduce emissions. 
  • Oxidation Stability: The fuel must meet specific oxidation stability requirements to ensure it remains stable during storage 

Most producers of avgas 100LL are required to provide a quality assessment with shipped products that prove the products meet the specification requirements for ASTM-D910.  

DEF STAN 91-90: Aviation Gasoline Specifications

First released in 1996, “this Defense Standard specifies the requirements for three grades (AVGAS UL91, AVGAS 100 and AVGAS 100LL) of gasoline type aviation fuel intended primarily for use in aircraft spark ignition reciprocating engines. Fuel provided to this specification shall possess satisfactory performance and properties when used in appropriate aircraft or engines operated by the Crown, or for which the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) or European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is the certificating agency2. The standard includes a lengthy testing and measurement standards for produced products with some key factors listed below: 

Key aspects of DEF STAN 91-90 include:

  • Quality Assurance: The standard outlines stringent quality assurance measures to ensure the fuel meets the required specifications. 
  • Testing: Various tests are conducted to verify the fuel’s properties, including knock characteristics, gum content, corrosion, and more. 
  • Additives: The standard lists qualified additives that can be used in the fuel to enhance its performance. 
  • Containers and Marking: Specific requirements for the containers and marking of aviation gasoline containers are also included. 

Comparison and Compliance

Both DEF STAN 91-90 and ASTM D910 set strict and specific requirements for aviation gasoline to ensure safety, performance, and environmental compliance. DEF STAN 91-90 is primarily used for European standards with ASTM D910 primarily in the US, though both are accepted globally Compliance with these standards ensures that avgas 100LL meets the necessary criteria for use in aircraft engines designed for this type of fuel. 

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